Managerial Research Findings

Introduction Managers play pivotal roles in the success of organisations. To ensure that they have theoretical paradigms, which while applied help them to continue to realise success, a large scholarly body of knowledge has evolved seeking to study and or give insights to the most acceptable roles and functions of managers.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Managerial Research Findings specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In a more interactive way, management refers to â€Å"human action, including design, to facilitate the production of useful outcomes from a system† (Gomez-Mejia, Balkin Cardy 2008, p.20). In the realisation of this goal, managers organise six M’s- men and women, machines, markets, money, methods, and materials such that the M’s operate in harmony in favour of organisational objectives, missions, goals, and aims (Marshall Stewart 1981, p.177). In this extent, the work of managem ent encompasses utilisation of resources that are available at the disposal of an organisation to aid in the realisation of the objectives of the organisation. Many of the scholars in the field of management contend that the work of management involves tasks such as directing, controlling, organising, monitoring, and motivating among others. Findings indicate that managers have central roles to play in fostering employees’ relations through harnessing their (employees) cultural diversities in an organisation, creating appropriate organisational behaviours that are consistent with an organisations’ missions, objectives and strategic goals, and initiating perspectives of social corporate responsibility in the effort to ensure that all organisations’ stakeholders are satisfied with the organisation. In the execution of these tasks, managers must utilise their knowledge on fundamental functions that they serve within an organisation- controlling, directing, organisi ng, and planning (Hales 1986, p.89). Ensuring that all these functions are integrated within the management body demands the possession of good communication skills. This paper discusses and justifies social corporate responsibility and the nature of management role of communication in management as the most crucial findings in the studies of the management work.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Nature of Management Work For any upcoming manager, research findings on the nature of the work of management are important. Investors risk their money in the anticipation of future gains. Due to operational dynamics, investors look for various ways of shifting around their money that is committed to investments in the effort to look for a myriad of ways that would yield optimal returns. Research findings in the field of management reflect applicability of a similar analogy in the eva luation of the work of management. Apart from the investment of energies of the managers in the running of an organisation, they have resources, which include people (employees), materials, and time (Mintzberg 1990, p.172) at their disposal, which they must establish appropriate combinations to yield optimal returns for the investors (shareholders in case of company). Being one of the most important resources that are available to an organisation, managers must not only ensure that they have â€Å"the right employees at the right places and at the right time but also focus on improving the resource† (Coli Klidas 1998, p.88). Amid the many ways of accomplishing this requirement, motivation and empowerment are outstanding. Coli and Klidas (1998) studied empowerment as a component of management work. The authors argued that empowerment addresses most of the enduring problems in human resource by enhancing cooperation among various employees coupled with compliance (p.88). In th is extent, empowerment as an essential work of management helps managers to function as catalysts, facilitators, developers of people, and more importantly, coaches of people. However, it is vital to note that this list does not cover totally the roles of empowerment in management work. In today’s work environments, people are required to think more about how certain tasks are to be completed as opposed to engaging more in physical activities (Gomez-Mejia, Balkin Cardy 2008, p.25).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Managerial Research Findings specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Consequently, it is crucial for managers to engage in asking various simulation interrogatives to unveil the solution of how people’s optimal mental work can be realised from them. This way, the work of management appears more of being inclined to facilitation as opposed to decision-making as has been theorised by past literatu re on management work (Tengblad 2006, p.1439). Acting as facilitators, managers have to establish various management approaches that suit the environmental condition of an organisation. In this extent, when an organisation encounters periods of rapid technological changes, when it needs innovations and creativity to create new products while not negating services and periods of low motivations of employees among other challenging situations, managers have no choice rather than advocating for empowerment of employees. This argument calls for incorporation of employees in decision-making process even if it means erosion of the authoritative power of a manager (Coli Klidas 1998, p.90). Therefore, the work of management entails making bold decisions for the benefit of an organisation. While empowerment through delegation is important as suggested by the findings of Coli and Klidas (1998) in their study on empowerment in 10 five-star hotels located in Amsterdam, more current findings in dicate, â€Å"delegation is not enough in today’s knowledge-driven world to have work done through people† (Blalock 2005, p.237). This finding is important since the modern managerial work environments have evolved to encompass more of problem solving, decision-making, and creative thinking tasks.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This argument perhaps complies precisely with the findings of various scholarly findings indicating that successful organisations in the globalisation age needs to cast off traditional approaches of management, which emphasise more on task-oriented mechanistic management that focuses more on controlling. Effecting control is achieved through various mechanisms. Gronn (1983) identifies talk (communication) as one of such mechanisms. The author argues that, in school settings, â€Å"control is an aspect for administration for which talk is a key resource particularly for staff relations, which imply that talk is a key potential instrument of control for both principle and staff in schools† (Gronn 1983, p.1). In this perspective, controlling is a means for making sure that tasks within an organisation are accomplished through specified processes and methods. Thus, it is a mechanism of making sure that tasks allocated to work groups and individuals are done in the manager’ s way. Hence, it hinders employees from creating and innovating new way of doing the same task in a manner that would save costs, which oppose the managers’ approach. Management approach, which emphasises control, hinders information sharing: a major driving force for organisational success for a knowledge-based organisation. Stemming from the above arguments on the findings of the studies in the discipline of management work, it is evident that management work entangles multiple processes that never end, which cut across planning, organising, directing, and controlling. In this line of argument, Mintzberg (1990) maintains that the work of a manager is difficult since it often calls managers to over work themselves. From the perspective of Mintzberg (1990), â€Å"brevity, fragmentation, and verbal communication characterise their work† (pp167-168). Since this concern impedes incorporation of scientific research in aiding in the development of managerial tactics that wo uld make managers more productive in their work, concerning Mintzberg (1990), studies in management work focuses on functions, which are easier to analyse. This argument implies that the work of management extends from the key four pillars of management: directing, controlling, planning, and organising. The degree of integration of the management functions with other organisational dynamics determines the productivity and effectiveness of the managers (Watson 2001, p.223). One of such dynamics in the degree to which managers permit employees to take part in decision-making processes in the effort to ensure that managers ensure that work is done through the human resource. This strategy makes the nature of management work multidisciplinary to the extent that a manager has to deploy perspectives of economics, sociology, information technology, managerial science and art, and psychology among others to ensure that all organisational variables are balanced. The findings on the nature of managerial work are important since management functions cannot be to be realised in the absence of the knowledge of anticipated outputs and if managers are not aware of their roles in an organisation and or how the roles changes with changes in organisation work environment and technology. Management and Communication Research findings indicate that managers spend most of their time communicating either verbally or through written communication (Gronn 1983). Managers facilitate things in an organisation through other people (organisational employees). Consequently, it is important that managers are able to communicate effectively about the process of achieving the desired goals. Through directing as a fundamental role of management, managers utilise most of their time allocating jobs to various work groups and individuals in discharging other obligations that are akin to the success of an organisation. Faced by such many tasks to accomplish within a finite amount of time, ineffect ive managers have the probabilities of blaming their failures on obligations (Mintzberg 1990, p.174). Consequently, it is important that managers are able to alter obligations to act as an advantage. In this extent, speech is incredible since it gives managers an opportunity to lobby for appropriate cause. In this end, Mintzberg (1990) informs, â€Å"a meeting is a chance to reorganise a weak department- a visit to an important customer is a chance to extract trade information† (p.175) and hence impossible to achieve without possession of ardent communication skills. Organisations are made of diverse people in terms of cultural affiliations. These differences may influence the success of an organisation in the sense that they may create different organisational cultures, which are not consistent with the goals, objectives, and missions of the organisation employing them. This challenge calls for managers to look for a mechanism of creating an organisation culture that appreci ates the cultural diversities of the people. Such a culture is organised around the common organisational objective. In this effort, top-down and bottom-up communication is imperative. With regard to Blalock (2005), managers utilise about 75 to 80 percent of their total time in communication. In the context of the needs to organise people in an organisation around a common culture, this finding is imperative in the process of creation of a common culture. Hence, a manager who realises that his or her work entails principally fostering effective communication would not feel overwhelmed by the task of creating a multicultural culture. Research finding on the roles of communication in management evidences various reasons why managers ought to engage in good communication. Such reasons underpin the effectiveness of a manager in performing his or her managerial tasks. One of the reasons is laid on the platforms of the expensiveness of failure to foster effective communication in organisa tions. In this perspective, Blalock established that managers’ promotional rates were dependent on their ability to make things done in an organisation through people (2005, p.239), which is not only a disadvantage to the managers’ angle of view but also from the organisation’s perspective because ineffectiveness of managers influences the success of an organisation in terms of its profitability. Communication plays a pivotal role in the modern work environments. The organisational environments continue to be complex due to increased competition that is characterised by excess of surplus in productions. Consequently, only organisations that are able to harness their production resources would be able to reduce their costs of productions, which are important for an organisation to gain a competitive advantage in the market places. Employees are among the many organisational resources that a manager has sole responsibility to manage. Management of an organisationà ¢â‚¬â„¢s employees is improbable without ardent vertical and horizontal communication. Research finding on the roles of communication as a constituent element of management work is also critical considering that modern organisations are focusing on strategic missions to be globalised. Globalisation implies that an organisation increases its customer base. Global customers have different tastes and preferences. Where an organisation establishes presence in different nations across the globe, it is also likely that it will employ people from differing cultural, racial, and ethnic backgrounds. All these factors reinforce the perspective that managers of globalising organisations are increasingly facing more roles in enhancing cultural interactivity of their employees. With the findings that communication is an essential tool for harmonising employees’ pool differences, effective communication is certainly one of the elements that organisations will consider in hiring management staff. Communication entangles the use of words to spell out the required course of action in an organisation. This line of view is also held by Gronn (1983). In school settings, management work is effected through exchange of words to the extent that â€Å"†¦administrative control is accomplished by talks† (Gronn 1983, p.1). Hence, through a constant talk, school management teams are able to accomplish their administrative tasks, which may be interpreted in the context of the management work as encompassing organising, directing, planning, and controlling. Hence, communication is an essential aspect of management in all settings involving organisation, planning, directing, and controlling human resource. Management Social Corporate Responsibility Social responsibly is a new aspect of components of work of management in an organisation. Managers have the tasks of ensuring that not all stakeholders of an organisation are caught up in the battle for conflicts of interests (Tengblad 2006, p.1438). For them to do this job, managers need to harmonise all the stakes of the organisational stakeholders in a manner that is consistent with the goals of an organisation. Literature on management work associates such a requirement with the adoption of principles of social corporate management within organisations. From the most fundamental perspective, social corporate responsibility (CSR) is the obligation for companies not only to act to serve their own interests but also the interests of the society. More interactively, CSR is defined as an â€Å"economic, legal, ethical, and discretionary expectation that the society has on organisations at a given point in time† (Carroll Buchholtz 2003, p. 36). A thorough examination of CSR is essentially provided through analysis of stakeholders. Stakeholders encompass all groups and specific individuals who either benefit, or even are harmed by decisions made by an organisation’s management arm. Managers c annot make decisions that will not harm all the organisational stakeholders if they do not harmonise the differences among the stakeholders of the organisations they manage. Social corporate responsibility is presented in the management work literature as an incredible tool for creating integration of interests of differing people who have special interests in an organisation. As Carroll and Buchholtz (2003, p. 36), â€Å"the key principle of social corporate responsibility is pegged on the idea that organisations have philanthropic, ethical, and moral responsibilities to play in addition to providing returns to investors†. Additionally, organisations gain immensely when they respect the environment in which they are established. Research findings in the studies on management work indicate that it is crucial for managers to focus on how they would hike the profitability of the organisations they lead. They should also look for mechanisms of ensuring mitigation of risky situat ions that may prompt an organisation to hike its weakness and threats to its operations (Tengblad 2006, p.1444). One of the ways of doing this task is through adopting principles of corporate social responsibility. In the discussion of social corporate responsibility, as an essential component of work of management, it is perhaps important to consider how the principles apply to some stakeholder in an organisation, for instance, customers and employees. Employees constitute an organisation’s stakeholders who help in the process of conversion of raw materials into finished products and services through value addition. Thus, they are central to the CSR program. More importantly, they are crucial to an organisation since they â€Å"invest their skills and time in their work and that their livelihood depends on the activities of the organisation† (Carroll, Buchholtz 2003, p.67). The main task of management is to adopt strategies for determining how employees’ inter ests are merged with the main goal of an organisation without creating conflict of interests. It is in this extent that management literature findings on the roles of corporate responsibility in an organisation are significant. One of the reasons cited by management literature for existence of organisations is to create value to customers. Customers are the chief stakeholders that keep any organisation’s business in operation. Apart from ensuring customers’ satisfaction with the products that the company offers to them, an organisation through management arm has other ethical and moral obligations towards them. In fact, customers are important since the degree to which the reputation of an organisation is maintained depends on their perceptions about the way an organisation in question treats them. Treating customers with courtesy ensures better reputation of the name of the business and hence more sales meaning more returns on investment to the investors. Organisation s management obligation is to ensure that organisations engage in business in a long-term basis (Garriga Mele 2004, p.52.). Customers are the main tools for ensuring realisation of this obligation. The issue is thus how to retain first time customers and make them faithful subsequent buyers of organisational products through adoption of CSR principles. To resolve this issue, organisations endeavour to not only treat customers fairly but also offers products and services of high quality at fair prices. Based on these arguments, findings on the roles of management in enhancing CSR in an organisation are very important. Conclusion The role of management in an organisation is an area of study that has attracted the interest of many scholars within the last three decades. More efforts of the studies in management work have been dedicated on establishing the basic functions of a manager in an organisation coupled with delving on theoretical paradigms on how managers can be effective in e xecuting their key functions. As discussed in the paper, these functions are directing, controlling, organising, and planning. The paper argued that managers achieve these core functions by focusing on other aspects such as social corporate responsibility, adopting appropriate communication, and motivational techniques such as empowerment. In fact, the paper discussed these three aspects as the most important findings in the management work-studies. In case of social corporate responsibility, the paper held the findings on its roles in an organisation as crucial since a manager cannot avoid conflicts of interest among organisational stakeholders without paying attention to mechanisms of harmonising all stakes of the stakeholders. Communication is one of the most important aspects of managerial work, which help binding all organisational processes. Findings on the nature of management work were also considered in the paper as important since execution of the management work requires people to know what management embraces. References Blalock, M 2005, ‘Listen up, why good communication is good business’, Journal of Marketing Management, vol. 9 no. 3, pp. 233-243. Carroll, B Buchholtz, A 2003, Business and Society: Ethics and Stakeholder Management, Thomson South-Western, Australia. Coli, H Klidas, A 1998, ‘Empowerment in five-star hotels: choice, voice or rhetoric?’, International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, vol. 10 no.3, pp. 88-95. Garriga, E Mele, D 2004, ‘Corporate Social Responsibility Theories: Mapping the Territory’, Journal of Business Ethics, vol. 5 no. 3, pp. 51-71. Gomez-Mejia, L, Balkin, D, Cardy, R 2008, Management: People, Performance, Change, McGraw-Hill, New York, NY. Gronn, P 1983, ‘Talk as the work: the accomplishment of school administration’, Administrative Science Quarterly, vol. 28 no.1, pp. 1-21. Hales, C 1986, ‘What do managers do? A critical review of the ev idence’, Journal of Management Studies, vol. 23 no. 1, pp. 88-115. Marshall, J Stewart, R 1981, ‘Managers’ job perceptions. Part I: their overall frameworks and working strategies’, Journal of Management Studies, vol. 18 no. 2, pp. 177-90. Mintzberg, H 1990, ‘The manager’s job: folklore and fact’, Harvard Business Review, vol. 3 no. 2, pp. 163-76. Tengblad, S 2006, ‘Is there a ‘new managerial work’? A comparison with Henry Mintzberg’s classic study 30 years later’, Journal of Management Studies, vol. 43 no. 7, pp. 1437-1461. Watson, T 2001, ‘The emergent manager and processes of management pre-learning’, Management Learning, vol. 32 no. 2, pp. 221-325. This essay on Managerial Research Findings was written and submitted by user Trinity Osborne to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Christmas Worksheets and Christmas printables

Christmas Worksheets and Christmas printables Christmas lessons and activities are great motivational techniques. Some of the best activities in an inclusional classroom include brainstorming activities. When you provide students with the opportunity to brainstorm, you are actually using differentiated instruction. Brainstorms work well for gifted learners, mainstream learners and disabled learners. Use the Printable Activity PDF or try some of the suggestions below. 1. How many different Christmas words can you think of? 2. How many different things can you put on a Christmas tree? 3. What realistic types of gifts do you want this year and why? 4. How many different things can you do on the Christmas holiday? 5. How many different foods can you think of for Christmas? 6. Why is Christmas special to you? 7. How many different Christmas songs can you think of? 8. How many words can you find using only the letters in the word Christmas? 9. List all your different memories of Christmas. 10. Think of all the different things that happen at your house at Christmas. (Types of decorations, visitors etc.) Brainstorms can be in writing or done in small or large groups in the classroom. All students have the chance to feel successful during brainstorm types of activities.

Human Resources-Benefits Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Human Resources-Benefits - Essay Example There have been many efforts to implement pay-for-performance programs in the health care industry ever since 2003. However, these incentive systems in the past either focused on outcome measures or process measures in healthcare. While the outcome measures rewarded health care providers based on the health outcomes of patients the process measures assessment took into account whether the hospitals have followed the recommended clinical guidelines. As such, both these measures had their own drawbacks. On the other hand, the advantage of HIVBP is that it follows a mixture of both outcome and process measures. The author also advocates that the salient feature of HIVBP is that it rewards hospitals based on improvements upon their past performance. As a result, the hospitals need to improve the quality of their healthcare to compete against themselves rather than against their competitors. One of the major drawbacks of the previously employed outcomes measures was that it failed to acco mmodate such acute health care centers where patients with least chances of survival were treated. As a result, mortality rates in such hospitals grew higher than hospitals that treat comparatively healthy patients. Thus, the incentive system of rewarding hospitals based on outcome measures proved to be unfair and the introduction of HIVBP could effectively address these drawbacks of earlier reward systems in healthcare. Similarly, HIVBP also seeks to reward hospitals based on process measures such as adherence to certain standard practices of healthcare. The HIVBP also has provisions to bring about timely revisions to its standards by continually adding more of relevant process measures assessment indicators. However, the HIVBP Medicare has its own limitations too. As HIVBP incentive system rewards both achievement and improvement it is easier for high performing hospitals with lots of resources to get rewarded compared to low performing hospitals that lack both resources and infra structural facilities. There is also the danger of hospitals turning their face away from hard-to-treat patients. In spite of these shortcomings, the author argues that pay-for-performance programs will reward quality over quantity and that the current Medicare program (HIVBP) is competent enough to address most of the shortcomings of the previous incentive systems in the healthcare system of the nation. Marcus’ article on the concept of pay-for-performance has larger implications on the healthcare benefits of the workforce of the nation. It is sure that the passage of the Affordable Care Act would bring about a radical restructuring of employer-sponsored health benefits in the United States. Researchers such as Singhal, Stueland & Ungerman (2011, p. 2) predict that â€Å"overall, 30 percent of employers will definitely or probably stop offering ESI in the years after 2014.† The authors also pinpoint that Employer Sponsored Health Insurance will pave way for other bene fit offerings or higher salaries which will be more beneficial for the employers. The researchers are of the opinion that most of the employees will continue their jobs even if the employer stops providing ESI. On the other hand, every employee will be seeking for

Health care reform (Obama care) Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Health care reform (Obama care) - Research Paper Example The clique â€Å"Obama care† as mostly known among Americans arises from the facts that it is an idea developed and strongly advocated for by President Barrack Obama and his Democratic Party. Even though it logically appears as a social issue, Obama care has turned into a hotly contested political issue considering the strong opposition towards implementation by the Republicans. As much as the plan seems to be good for Americans, many issues have arisen especially from the opponents that are worth regarding for they have direct effects on the typical Americans. The controversies about the Health Care for American plan otherwise Obama care has seen development of fierce debate contested by the supporters mainly aligned to Democratic Party and opponents mainly aligned to Republican Party. Supporters of the plan argue that the law has good intentions for the general public as it will ensure that all individuals have access to affordable and fair cost of health care with disregard to individuals’ status. Supporters further demonstrate that the plan will ensure that every individual employee has the right to decide on the insurance company to provide cover without compulsion by the potential employer. Moreover, supporters of the plan argue that the law is so fair to an extent of restricting health care providers from manipulating costs of health care on basis of patients’ background of life status, gender or disability. Turner demonstrates that under the law, public servants, businesspersons, middle class and virtually all Americans will be able to buy certain drugs at fair prices. Additionally, the Health Care for American plan promises tax credits to small business employers who offer private health care coverage to their employees. Opponents of the Health Care for American plan also have very serious allegations worth to considering as far the Obama care debate is concerned. To begin with, business people who also employ certain segment of Am ericans cry about the heavy burden that the Obama plan will weigh on them. Businesspersons seem not to believe that the tax credits promised in the plan will help them reduce the possible expenditures they may bear once implementation of the plan gets underway (Huffman). In fact, most of the business persons who fear the impact of the law on their profits have begun to layoff sections of their employees to ensure that they only bear small burden when the plan gets into effect. The perceived layoffs have unbearable impact of leaving large number of Americans unemployed. This in turn translates to deteriorating living standards for American people. In addition, layoffs that mean reduction of employees have complimentary effect of lowering production activities of businesses since the remaining employees cannot satisfactorily perform the duties of the sacked workers. Certain divide of the opponents of the Obama Care health plan, argues that it will put unbearable and undue pressure on the middle class earners who will have to pay more taxes that will spread to cover the low income and poor Americans. Moreover, opponents of the plan demonstrate that the contained clause mandates the federal government to oversee implementation process across all states is unfair. This is because every state has its own budget and unique living standards and GDP. To ensure fairness, opponents of the

Unit 2 Application Assignment - Management Research Paper

Unit 2 Application Assignment - Management - Research Paper Example The companys large workforce is of major benefit to the company. Their management enables the organization to maximize their innovativeness, bettering the products in the market, which in turn maximizes the returns of the company. Asus’ mission statement is brief and elaborate, making it easily understandable to the stakeholders, precisely workers, for maximum productivity. The company majors on innovation as the key strategy towards the achievement of the company’s objective. The company’s vision is to be a 3C (communications, computers, and consumer electronics) solution provider. The solutions aim at simplifying the lives of consumers, easing life for the realization of maximum potential. Asus’ slogan for maximum productivity is â€Å"In search of incredible† and the previous one was â€Å"Inspiring innovation and persistent perfection.† The company’s mission is the provision of IT solutions for empowerment of the world for maximum potential realization. The mission and company’s vision have been the backbone towards the innovativeness, profitability, and product diversification to over 16 product lines (Witcher & Chau, 2010). Among the company’s strategic goals is to cherish workers, nurture, cultivate, and care for them to realize their full potential for maximum productivity. It also aims to remain persistently as a top ranking company in terms of quality and innovativeness, alongside leading in green technology provision. Finally, the company also aims to contribute more to the society. Among the company’s societal initiatives is environmental protection, philanthropy, arts and culture, and gender equality (women power). Such activities include the donation of 15 science libraries in Chongqing Municipality in July 2008. An act of environmental protection is the issue of environmentally friendly bags on purchase of Asus products (Witcher & Chau, 2010). Management is a vital area for the achievement of the set objectives in the

Efforts to address the development of rural areas

Efforts to address the development of rural areas DEVELOPING RURAL AREAS Contents Introduction. Literature review Current efforts to address this problem locally Plan References Introduction. Rural social work is poised to face many challenges that make it difficult for a social worker to provide services to a needy person in the community. Oppression by the society and also other social classes in the society has caused the poor to be looked down upon in the society and thus becoming hard to get the best social services. In most of the cases that have been happening the women has seen a vast range of problems socially in the rural areas. Women and children have hence become the part of the population facing a lot of social problems. (Teasley, Archuleta Miller, 2014). The issue of a bad economy state has also been an obstacle to the providence of proper social services to the community. When inflation hits a country, it makes it hard and difficult for the rural community to survive with the raising prices of commodities. Lack of support from the authorities has also caused a lot of poor service development for the needy in the rural areas. Therefore it has been seen in many cases that the policies put into place do not really favor the rural communities. Taking for instance the policies to do with medical services, high medical services hit the poor in the society and hence lives get lost every now and then. For a good providence of social services to the rural community, resources have to be there. Lack of these resources render the social workers unable to access the areas with specific needs.an example of services that can be required is transport facilities for the social worker. If transport channels become a challenge for the social worker, it becomes hard for him/her to reach a good number of the rural population. (Witkin, 2014). Literature review Social working practice dates back to the ancient times where the church used to provide charity services to the community even before organizations dealing with social workers were formed. Social work was linked with the idea of charity work and by 580AD the church had already started charity work in the world and it was circulating food stuffs to the needy in the society.in the middle ages, the church become influential to the most parts of Europe and with time the practice of charity work become charity work in the 17th century. (Vanagas ÄŒiÃ…Â ¾ikienÄ-, 2015). Social work become a profession as well as people could now train to become social workers and serve the community.in the 19th century it became a profession in the united states as a movement began in the states and England. In this case a system was established in which the poor were sorted into different categories as idle poor, bodied poor and impotent poor.in this particular century, revolution especia lly in the industrial sector took place. (McPherson Cheatham, (2015). Therefore, technology and other scientific innovations came in to place and therefore a rural urban migration took place in those days in the western world. With this happening, social problems took course in the urban areas and therefore a missionary came into place to publicize and spread the Pentecost denominations ad therefore missioners attempted to come up with solutions for these problems in the urban areas because the cities were affected by prostitution, poverty and diseases. Therefore the church started activities like prayers and evangelism as it was releasing relief food to the poor in these areas. One of the people of steered up social work in the United States was Jane Adams who founded the US settlement house movement. Many schools to train people about social work came in to place at around 1915. This took place at the national conference of charities and corrections. After this, social work becam e a profession. (Parrish Oxhandler, 2015). Current efforts to address this problem locally Organizations have come up now days with different strategies to deal with the problem of social work degradation. Rural development is the first step that the authorities are working on to ensure that the rural community is reached through good roads and electrification. Infrastructure development is a key thing that the government and the authorities need to develop in the rural areas. Some of the rural areas have already seen some of these development. (Mazza, 2015). Another measure that is taken to address such problem is formation of organization to handle charity work and deal with the social work that is available in the rural areas. The organizations are governmental and some non-governmental organization. The non-governmental organizations dealing with social work are many in number and this has enabled the government to step up also and start other programs on the same. (Richards-Schuster, Ruffolo Nicoll, 2015). Social work organizations have been organizing visits to the rural areas where the elderly and those with special needs have seen help in many areas. Some of these areas include their health, financial assistance. This program has been carried mainly by the non-governmental organizations. Due to this, the government has also borrowed this idea and emerged with a strategy to start up a development fund for the elderly and the needy in the society as part of the social work development. With such efforts in place, the work of the so cial worker is boosted and he/she can gain the morale to do such work. The recognition that there are people in the society with special needs is what has been steering up charity work by companies and institutions through different sponsorships. (Suk bong, Ullah Won Jun, 2015). Plan Networking with other agencies is a consideration to take in order to be able to get sponsors for resources. This is because resources are an important factor to consider in order to be able to reach people from different parts of the society. Resources like enough money is a key factor to consider in order to be able to meet the people’s needs in the society.as social workers strive to meet the needs of the rural society, it’s better for necessary resources to be provided in order to have a good strategy for the development of the rural areas. The population census of a particular place can be taken and the number of people known. The population status should be taken and this knowledge should be made aware to the social workers because it will be at the end helpful to them. If the population of the rural society is known, the allocation of resources by the agencies will be easy and hence the needs of the people will be met. (Pitt-Catsouphes Cosner Berzin, 2015). Infrastructure development will always depend on the features of the place in which the target project is set to take place. The less the place is accessible the more it becomes difficult to channel transport pass ways and also electrification. The resources must be in line with the peoples preferences so that much money is not spend on trying to fund a project that is not feasible. The feasibility of the projects that help social work to gain an improvement is dependent on the adaptability of the place to welcome new ideas in the society which are helpful. Sometimes political issues can really hinder development of projects in the society and hence make potential investors and other helpful agencies to shun away from helping the society. When the needs of the people in the society have been accessed, a plan to meet these people periodically is put into place. For instance allocation of funds can be implemented in a way that every year at a particular period amount of money is allocated to these particular people maybe the elderly with particular needs. (Clarke Wydall, 2015). Apart from the providence of money, the agencies and the organizations can plan to give out other tangible commodities which can be helpful to the needy. Stuff like food and clothing can be an alternative to meet these people’s needs. At times we find some parts of the world affected and to be precise the rural society being struck by natural calamities. Places that are affected by calamities like earthquakes and flood get dented by misfortunes follow the people afterword. In this situation, social working can become very hard to conduct when there’s no proper channel to conduct them. Resources such as choppers to aid in the rescue of the survivors of such a calamity can be a challenge to acquire especially when the social workers are not registered with a particular organization to work as a team. Apart from all these, social workers can take their job with a passion and with this strive and get trainings which will be helpful to them as they provide services to the rural community. (Sullivan, Ryser Halseth, 2014). Training can be facilitated by the governing authority where the curriculum can be incorporated in the education system to make the present scholars equipped with these knowledge. Such training will be helpful for any social worker in the case of outbreaks of disasters like diseases and other calamities.in general terms the necessary thing to do in order to encourage the social work in the rural areas is to provide the social workers with the maximum corporation and support they need in order for them to gain that morale to serve the people. (Force-Emery Mackie, 2013). References Force-Emery Mackie, P. (2013). Hiring Social Work Faculty: An Analysis of Employment Announcements With Special Focus on Rural and Urban Differences and 2008 EPAS Implications. Journal Of Social Work Education, 49(4), 733-747. doi:10.1080/10437797.2013.812906 Sullivan, L., Ryser, L., Halseth, G. (2014). Recognizing Change, Recognizing Rural: The New Rural Economy and Towards a New Model of Rural Service. Journal Of Rural Community Development, 9(4), 219-245. Clarke, A., Wydall, S. (2015). From Rights to Action: practitioners perceptions of the needs of children experiencing domestic violence. Child Family Social Work, 20(2), 181-190. doi:10.1111/cfs.12066 Pitt-Catsouphes, M., Cosner Berzin, S. (2015). Teaching Note—Incorporating Social Innovation Content Into Macro Social Work Education. Journal Of Social Work Education, 51(2), 407-416. doi:10.1080/10437797.2015.1012947 Suk bong, C., Ullah, S. E., Won Jun, K. (2015). Ethical leadership and followers attitudes toward corporate social responsibility: the role of perceived ethical work climate. Social Behavior Personality: An International Journal, 43(3), 353-365. doi:10.2224/sbp.2015.43.3.353 Richards-Schuster, K., Ruffolo, M. C., Nicoll, K. L. (2015). Integrating Social Work Into Undergraduate Education Through a Community Action and Social Change Multidisciplinary Minor. Journal Of Social Work Education, 51(2), 329-342. doi:10.1080/10437797.2015.101293 Mazza, E. (2015). Experiences of Social Work Educators Working With Students With Psychiatric Disabilities or Emotional Problems. Journal Of Social Work Education, 51(2), 359-378. doi:10.1080/10437797.2015.1012935 Parrish, D. E., Oxhandler, H. K. (2015). Social Work Field Instructors’ Views and Implementation of Evidence-Based Practice. Journal Of Social Work Education, 51(2), 270-286. doi:10.1080/10437797.2015.1012943 Vanagas, R., ÄŒiÃ…Â ¾ikienÄ-, J. (2015). THE PECULIARITIES OF SOCIAL SERVICE ORGANIZATIONS DEVELOPMENT. International Journal Of Academic Research, 7(1), 24-30. doi:10.7813/2075-4124.2015/7-1/B.4 McPherson, J., Cheatham, L. P. (2015). One Million Bones: Measuring the Effect of Human Rights Participation in the Social Work Classroom. Journal Of Social Work Education, 51(1), 47-57. doi:10.1080/10437797.2015.977130 Teasley, M. L., Archuleta, A., Miller, C. (2014). Perceived Levels of Cultural Competence for School Social Workers: A Follow-Up Study. Journal Of Social Work Education, 50(4), 694-711. doi:10.1080/10437797.2014.947903 Witkin, S. L. (2014). Change and Deeper Change: Transforming Social Work Education. Journal Of Social Work Education, 50(4), 587-598. doi:10.1080/10437797.2014.947897

Mike Roses Lives on the Boundary Essay -- Mike Rose Lives Boundary Es

Mike Rose's Lives on the Boundary Mike Rose’s Lives on the Boundary is an Educational Autobiography. The book begins at the beginning of his life and we follow him up into his adult years. The book focuses on the â€Å"struggles and achievements of America’s educationally underprepared† . The Alien   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In order to understand Mike Rose, and his book Lives on the Boundary, you must first understand where Mike is coming from and examine his past. Mike was born to a first generation immigrant family, originally from Italy. He spent his early childhood in the mid-west and then in his latter childhood, parents not knowing any better, in East Los Angeles. Mike’s father suffered from arteriosclerosis. Neither Mike’s mother nor his father had completed high school and no one in his family had ever attended college. This is the setting, background, and characters of Mike’s tale of â€Å"struggles and achievements of America’s educationally underprepared† . Through this book Mike constantly is emphasizing three main themes. First, the importance of an educational mentor; later in this treatise we will examine several of Mike’s mentors. Second, social injustices in the American education system; specifically the lack of funding and bureaucracy’s affect on the public educational system. Third and lastly, specific teaching methods that Mike has used to reach out to kids on the boundary.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Throughout Mike’s life, he had the fortunate experience of having some inspirational mentors. I have identified four of his numerous mentors as the most critical to his development, both educationally and personally. Achieving Abnormality The first of Mike’s mentors I would like to discuss came into his life just after his father passed away, beginning of his senior year. His name was Jack MacFarland. Jack, as described by Mike Rose is, †¦a beatnik who was born too late. His teeth were stained, he tucked his sorry tie between the third and forth buttons of his shirt, and his pants were chronically wrinkled. With a cultural background like Mike’s, survival in the American educational system is a difficult struggle at best. However, Jack helped fill in some of the critical cultural blanks. â€Å"He slowly and carefully built up our knowledge of Western intellectual history – with facts, with connections, with speculations† . And Jack served as more than simply a source of numb... ...t seems that every-other president and every-other governor refers to himself or herself as the education president or education governor, yet they fail to deliver the necessary funding to maintain a high level of education for all of his or her constituents’ children. Why is it that class and culture is the determining factor for who receives a quality education, this social injustice must be remedied. My Awakening Much like Mike, I have had some amazing academic mentors that were not afraid to get down in the trenches with me and ask what I was trying to say. I had Ms. Lewis my freshmen year of high school, she would sit down with me and rip apart my paper and rework it as necessary. During my senior year of high school, I had the privilege of taking a U.W. English class that was a seminar format where the instructor would frequently conference with us, and he gave me the tools to continue my education. However, something we all need to remember, especially at PLU, is to not be afraid to be a mentor to someone else. In life, we are all teachers. We tell one another our stories, and by doing that we are teaching them what it is like to look at the world through our lens.

Impacts of Media Technology on Teenagers Essay

Today we are living in a revolutionary world and within seconds, several bombardments of new inventions are happening around the globe, media technology being one of them. Media technology has changed our lives giving us the freedom to perform activities from the comfort of our homes. For example, it has made communication easier and quicker, a document now takes a few seconds to reach anywhere in the world compared to regular mail which takes several days with the involvement of several individuals to reach its destination. If we look at our daily life, we can see a reflection of technology everywhere in our lives, such as TV, telephones, computers, cell phones, PDA, text messages, email, internet, online banking, booking a vacation, GPS, online shopping, online education, online liberalities, online books, online gaming and much more. By the end of 20th century we can observe that media technology and its effects are as powerful as it were never before. The invention of the cell phone, appearance of computers, laptops, and internet communication has become a vital link in communicating with others. It has become inseparable part of our life and it is everywhere and it is impossible to escape them. Teenagers all over the world are growing up in a world, where the Internet, cell phones, text messaging and other technology dominates the communication and it is an integral part of everyday life. Technology has changed rapidly; it is hard to predict what will happen in the next six months. If we ask a question whether media technology is good or bad, I believe there is no answer to this question. Technology is a double edge sword; it can be used for good purposes or for bad purposes. The evolving technology has a strong impact on individual’s life and especially teenagers as they are vulnerable to change. â€Å"Research shows that teens tend to be more impulsive than adults, and they may not think as clearly as adults about the consequences of what they do,† (-Jessica Rich, Federal Trade Commission). (Read more) The story of media in young people’s lives today is primarily a story of technology facilitating increased consumption. We created this blog to promote awareness to most common media technologies that have influenced teenagers’ lives today i.e. Internet, TV, Cell Phones, Gaming, Music and Print Media. Posted by Danielle, Fanny and Khalid. 1 comment: Links to this post Labels: Impacts of Media Technology on Teenagers Internet and Teenagers The Internet is a part of today’s culture that many teenagers cannot even imagine what the world was like before the Internet existed. The Internet is fun, informative and a great source of communication with others. It’s an educational tool and users can learn about almost anything. Sharing information through Internet is easy, cheap and fast. Teenagers have access to billions of websites containing information in the form of text, pictures and videos. The internet like other technology has positives and negatives effects on teenagers. Teenagers have access to pornography, obscenities, and ways to make drugs, bombs or even participate in online sexual practices. Teenagers can also become heavily addicted to the internet, which can often lead them into depression, with little or no face-to face time with others. There are also issues with teenagers hacking into school databases, banks, government websites, friends or strangers computers. If your teenagers are spending too much time on the internet, they are at risk of getting involved with one of these activities. Our blog will discuss pros and cons of internet usage among teenagers. Online Education Online education does have an impact on the lives of students; online learning can contribute to a gain in self-discipline. Educational goals can be reached by getting an online education. Student’s become more computer savvy from continuously using technology to do research, type assignments, and use specific software to complete projects. Some online programs even offer fast-track programs that allow prospective graduates to complete degree programs faster. (Read more) Currently, most high school students in North America have access to the internet in their classroom setting. Student can get extra helps through online learning environments (OLE) provided by schools. OLE provides students quick and easy access to course resources and material. Most OLE environments are virtually available from any location that has a computer and internet. The OLE resources usually include: online books, lectures, instructor help, peer-to-peer support, technology support, multimedia activities, instant updates, self-testing applications, comprehensive reviews and much more! Students that have fallen behind can take extra help online to achieve their required credits. Internet a Job Search Tool The internet is an excellent online job search tool for teenagers to find a job. Teenagers can search different types of jobs through various job search engines i.e. Craigslist, Monster, Workopolis and Job Bank. These search engines can teach you to fill out an application, create a resume and prepare for an interview. You can apply for the required job through Internet, which is more direct and easy. Jobs can help teenagers feel more confident and independent which can help teenagers explore potential career paths.

Fasb Topics Research Paper

Adjustments to Lower of Cost or Market 330-10-35-1 A departure from the cost basis of pricing the inventory is required when the utility of the goods is no longer as great as their cost. Where there is evidence that the utility of goods, in their disposal in the ordinary course of business, will be less than cost The inventory has a financial importance as it is purchased and recorded at its historical cost or original cost.With respect to a perpetual inventory system, inventory accounts are continually controlled as goods are purchased and placed directly into the inventory account and then later taken out when sold. Therefore the inventory is properly recognized within the period it is sold. Furthermore valuing the inventory with FIFO correctly reports the ending inventory at its market value. When ending inventory is reported at market value, before making proper year adjustments unexpected changes occur in the ordinary course of business causing the market to be lower then the co st basis of the inventory.This departure from the cost basis of pricing the inventory requires the utility of inventory is no longer as great as its original cost. The ASC allows assets to be valued with Lower of Cost or Market when evidence is proving the future utility of the inventory drops below its historical cost. The determination of the businesses cost basis for their current inventory and determination of the market calls for ruling the LCM with the conservatism principal to resolve the issue between these two divergent amounts (original cost of inventory and the market).Justification for applying Lower of Cost Or Market is the recognition of the holding loss resulting from the market being less then the company’s current inventory. Which requires a decision between reporting the inventory at its actual cost or it’s replacement cost. The conservatism principle applies with LCM by reporting the inventory on the balance sheet at replacement cost in the period it occurred also recognizing the loss in the income statement during that same period.Therefore the inventory is reported at its net realizable value on the balance sheet, and the reduction (holding loss) is properly recorded on the income statement. Question 2. Your company has acquired land that is not undergoing activities necessary to get it ready for its intended use. You have been told to capitalize interest costs (the lesser of the actual or avoidable interest costs) associated with the acquisition of the land. Should you capitalize any interest costs? FASB ASC CITATION: Capitalization of Interest 35-20-25-3 The capitalization period shall begin when the following three conditions are present: a. Expenditures for the asset have been made. ? b. Activities that are necessary to get the asset ready for its intended use are in progress. ? c. Interest cost is being incurred. ? Interest capitalization shall continue as long as those three conditions are present. We recognize the gene ral facts stated; the land for the businesses investment is purchased, and with respect to the land, activities have not been started yet to prepare it for the intended use deeming it as an asset or investment.In order for the land to be considered expenditure, it would to prove it meets ASC’s three requirements of capitalization of interest. The land generally speaking the land must be capitalized to provide evidence capitalization rates will be applied, which furthermore qualifies the land to have payments of cash, transfer of other assets, or accruing the liability of recognized interest. Only if the activities of the land are in preparation for its intended use then capitalization of interest is added to the construction of the long-term asset.From a current stand point of the land, expenditures for the land have not been made yet, the activity required for its intended use is not undergoing, and therefore interest cost incurred can not be capitalized but rather expensed on the current periods of the income statement. With respect to the facts stated on the lands current progress the interest incurred can not be capitalized. Question 3: You are to allocate an asset retirement cost (initiated by an asset retirement obligation). What guidance is given over the manner in hich the asset retirement cost should be allocated to expense? FASB ASC CITATION: 410-20-35-2 An entity shall subsequently allocate that asset retirement cost to expense using a systematic and rational method over its useful life. Asset retirement obligation requires properly allocating the asset retirement cost over the assets life of the asset. The allocation of asset retirement cost that is initiated by the asset retirement obligation includes items that that fall under FASB’s issued Statement of Financial Accounting Concepts also known as SFAC No. 6 â€Å"Elements of Financial Statements.The proper manner of allocating requires the retirement cost to be properly measured, r ecognized, and recorded when involving elements in the financial statements. The measurement of the asset must be measured properly at its historical cost. During the ordinary process a business has outflows or using up of its assets in which the expenses are then recognized under the SFAC No. 6 as Expense Recognition Principle. During the period the assets are used up from operational procedures (delivery, and production). The expense accounts recognize accumulated depreciated cost of the asset over its useful life until it fully depreciated.The combination of the assets cost minus its accumulated depreciation results the asset to its net realizable value, when fully depreciated the net amount will have a zero value. The retired asset must then be properly reported in the balance sheet. When a company decides to retire an asset it must reflects the cost properly in the financial statements. When circumstance arise and its liability of the retirement obligation incur over more repor ting periods, the incurring liabilities must be considered as an additional liability over the original liability of allocating the retirement costs.Thus stated the business must recognize and measured as an additional liability (layer) at its fair value. Furthermore guidance to allocate the retirement cost must be expensed in the required systematic way over its useful life. Applying the allocation method doesn’t enable the business from capitalizing any amounts of retirement costs and allocating the same amount to the expense account in the same period. Question 4: A warehouse located in Central Iowa was destroyed by an earthquake, the first earthquake ever reported in Central Iowa.You are questioned why you reported it as an extraordinary item, net of tax, rather than a â€Å"normal† loss related to the business operations. FASB ASC CITATION: EXTRAODINARY and UNUSAL ITEMS 225-20-45-2 Extraordinary items are events and transactions that are distinguished by their unu sual nature and by the infrequency of their occurrence. When reporting extraordinary and unusual items in the income statement some requirements must be met upon reporting the items.The extraordinary items are events and transactions that are 1. Unusual in nature meaning that underlying event or transaction has a high degree of abnormality that it is unrelated to and 2. Infrequent in occurrence meaning its underlying event or transitions is not reasonably expected to recur in the future. The ASC requires that both of the criteria stated above must bet met in order to report any items as extraordinary or unusual.Reporting extraordinary items in the income statement will be reported by its gross amount and then at net after deducting the income tax expense or saving associated with the item. With respect to Iowa, reporting the warehouse as an extraordinary item from the result of an infrequent earthquake that was unusual in nature since this was the first occurring earth quake ever re ported and infrequent because it is a natural disaster and therefore cannot be considered part of normal business operations. Furthermore deeming the warehouse as an extraordinary item.

Gladiatorial Combat essays

Gladiatorial Combat essays Munera gladitoria (gladiatorial contests) hold a central place in our perception of Roman behavior. They were also a big influence on how Romans themselves ordered their lives. Attending the games was one of the practices that went with being a Roman. The Etruscans, who introduced this type of contest in the sixth century BC, are credited with its development but it was the Romans who made it famous. A surviving feature of the Etruscan games in the Roman contests was when a gladiator fell he was hauled out of the arena by a slave dressed as the Etruscan death-demon Charun. The slave would carry a hammer, which was the demons attribute. Moreover, the Latin term for a trainer-manager of gladiators (lanista) was believed to be an Etruscan word (Hopkins 50). Gladiators of Ancient Rome lived their lives to the absolute fullest. Gladiatorial duels had originated from funeral games given in order to satisfy the dead mans need for blood, and for centuries their principle occasions were funerals. The first gladiatorial combats therefore took place at the graves of those being honored, but once they became public spectacles they moved into amphitheaters (Dining 83). As for the gladiators themselves, an aura of religious sacrifice continued to hang about their combats. Obviously most spectators just enjoyed the massacre without any remorseful reflections. Even ancient writers felt no pity, they were aware that gladiators had originated from these holocausts in honor of the dead. What was offered to appease the dead was counted as a funeral rite. It is called munus (a service) from being a service due. The belief was that the souls of the dead are appeased with human blood, they use to sacrifice captives or slaves of poor quality at funerals. Afterwards it seemed good to obscure their impiety by making it a plea sure (Hopkins 170). So after the acquired person had been trained to fight as best they can, their training was to learn t...

An essay identifying and exploring the factors impacting on childrens

An identifying and exploring the factors impacting on childrens physical and psychological development in the present day - Essay Example Some philosophers during the ancient times believed that the neonate possessed some inborn character traits. The philosophers noted that people recollect the knowledge, which remain dormant in the brain. However, some philosophers contradicted the old philosophers saying that the brain of a born child was like a blank slate. They believed that the human experience moulds their behaviour. Apparently, more philosophers stack to nature as the determinant for human behaviours. Even so, some philosophers stood concrete on their decision that the environmental influence influenced human traits. Nevertheless, conclusions have that interaction between nature and nurture typically explains human character traits. Psychology founding fathers for instance, John B Watson, Albert Bandura and BF skinner. Both psychologist discussed the psychology behind behaviour of people. Each father had different though. However, they relied on a similar platform which is behaviour develops either through nurture or nature. John B major theory of behaviour was behaviourism theory. Through the theory Watson explained that it is possible to mould behaviour of a child as a person pleases. Explains that when a child is born, he/she does not know anything. Therefore, a person can teach them any skill that the want. According to one of Watson’s famous quotes, he said that he can mould a child to a lawyer, doctor or anything he pleases. Bandura’s theory was social learning theory. He explained that a person can learn a behaviour through observing, he called it observational learning. He added that human beings think of consequences of a behaviour before developing it. Therefore, according to Bandura man is conscious of the behaviour he develops or he learns. Unlike bandura, Skinner believed that man did not consider the impact of behaviour they learn. Skinners explained his behaviour perspective using operant conditioning. He

International law, or some particular interpretation of international Essay - 1

International law, or some particular interpretation of international law, is sometimes found actually to hinder measures to maintain international order Discuss with reference to drone strikes - Essay Example International society aimed at reflecting cooperation among its member states. As a result, international law rose as a unique and recognized entity with rules, which rose as result of modern cooperation of modern independent governments or state. The international law and rules intended at calling for discipline and a common philosophy among its member states in order to foster world peace and harmony (35).2 The document explains how international law hinders measures to maintain international order. Bull3 regards international law as â€Å"a body of rules which binds states and other agents in world politics in their relations with one another and considered to have the status of law’. Bull (2002) further defines international law as to be body of rules which are of a specific nature. This means that there are specified rules which independent governments and other international bodies to the international society and politics regard to bind them without any doubt. Despite the enormous part played by the international law to foster security, concerns have been raised about some of its principles in maintaining international order. The binding of different states by the international law brings about the concept of international society. Bull4 argues that one of the major roles of international law is to act as a powerful and strong normative principle of political states and governments with the idea of protecting sovereignty of individual member states. But this has not been always the case. Developed countries and countries with more advanced military equipment have not upheld this principle of respecting another nations’ sovereignty in order to protect and uphold international order. United State for instance has been intruding sovereignty of a number of independent political states such as Afghanistan and Pakistan by carrying out drone attacks within the sovereign regions. Bull5 demonstrated a clash